Survival Analysis of System Implementation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Survival Analysis of System Implementation. Answer: Presentation This case is about the Lilydale Movies, a Melbourne-based organization that manages the lease and offer of motion pictures to the clients. The proprietors of the organization previously established it for tending to the holes that were existing in the contemporary film organizations where the stores just sold most recent and refreshed famous motion pictures for moment income and benefit (Laudon 2016). Be that as it may, the proprietors accentuated the requirement for an organization that will sell a wide range of films (not just well known most recent motion pictures) including past mainstream motion pictures, worldwide motion pictures of different dialects and others. The organization is currently working with five separate branches in Melbourne. In any case, the primary issue that has emerged is that albeit every one of the branches has its own database server, none of them are associated together (Arvidsson, Holmstrm Lyytinen 2014). Thus, there is no immediate association between the stores and consequently, computation of generally business information is incredibly hard. So as to address this issue, the organization is eager to actualize another concentrated and regular database server to which, the databases of the five branches will be associated. This will assist the organization with maintaining an operational coherence in their business in all the branches just as make open doors for additional development. The reason for this undertaking is to build up another data framework for Lilydale Movies for making a concentrated information server to which all the stores will be associated. This report is a documentation of the task plan and so as to set up this record, information will be gathered from the organization activities, existing specialized arrangements, prerequisites and other information sources that contain huge data in regards to usage of data frameworks. There are a few issues that should be settled through the course of this undertaking. These issues are clarified as follows. Absence of Centralized Server Every effective enormous scope business association has a brought together database server to which, every single other framework (counting the ones from various branches) are associated together (Ahmadi et al. 2014). This focal server is utilized to store all the business related information from the diverse operational branches including universal branches assuming any. The utilization of focal server will permit the supervisory group to have more power over the business associations in all the parts of the organization. Order and Categorization Another current issue to be tended to is the absence of any arrangement framework that can consequently examine the motion pictures and sort them as indicated by classifications and discharge dates. In the flow framework, there is no hunt alternative and the merchants at the branches need to physically look through the database to discover the film needed by the client (Xu et al. 2014). The new mechanized data framework will have the option to take care of this issue as its inside calculation will permit the client to look for the film by utilizing class/discharge date channel without scanning the whole database for one film. Film of Demand The third issue to be tended to through this issue is the absence of adequate stock space in every one of the stores of the organization. Because of this, the stock can't be filled by completely recorded films one after another and accordingly, a few clients can't discover their motion pictures of decision (Ismail et al. 2013). So as to address this, the organization has proposed to refresh the inventories with just the films that are well known in that specific region. In any case, for accomplishing this objective, utilization figures will be required and that should be possible by executing the data framework. This data framework will examine the business information and set up the utilization figures dependent on which, the inventories of the stores can be refreshed. Part Registration In the current arrangement, the organization offers enrollments to the clients with some extra advantages than the normal clients. Be that as it may, since none of the stores are associated with one another, the enrollment of a client in one store can't be perceived by another. Accordingly, the client can't pick up enrollment profits by different stores in spite of the fact that he is qualified for offers from the organization itself. The new associated server will permit each store to impart data to others including affirmed participation demands with the goal that the clients can get premium advantages from all the stores. In any case, the two principle issues that have been chosen to be tended to through the proposed framework in this specific task are improvements of concentrated server and the basic participation gateway that will be gotten to by all the branch stores of the organization. This is for the most part since production of the focal database ought to be the top need of the organization to keep up business coherence and the basic enrollment gateway will assist the clients with applying participation benefits in all the stores of the organization. Moreover, these two issues can be tended to effectively by one specific framework and henceforth, they have been decided for this task. Degree and System Requirements The general extent of the venture includes improvement of data framework that will have the option to address all the previously mentioned issues. The degree explanation incorporates the accompanying: Improvement of brought together server is inside the extent of the venture. Improvement of the auto-grouping framework is inside the extent of the venture. Improvement of one regular participation entrance is inside the extent of the venture. Improvement of computerized factual information investigation framework is inside the extent of the venture. For this specific venture, just the improvement of incorporated server and the participation entrance will be created. The framework necessities for the focal database framework are as per the following. Top of the line processor (in any event Intel i3) for supporting the database tasks In any event 2 GB RAM A particular database framework (ideally MySQL or others) Database the board apparatuses for dealing with the information inside the database Force back to forestall database crash during power cut Programming support for the part membership entrance Hostile to infection and firewalls for shielding the database from outside assaults Client Stories and Acceptance Criteria The interests of the partners in the new framework are appeared in the accompanying table. Partner Possible Interest Organization Owners Brought together Control of Business Operations Money related Manager Installment Security and Assurance Senior supervisors Stock Search Made Easy Clients Simple Shopping and Home Delivery in Online Shopping Some recognized clients and their client stories are as per the following. Clients The clients are the principle clients of the proposed framework and with the concentrated server, they will have the option to make their own profiles in the client entrance where they can additionally get the choice to shop on the web. Premium clients will likewise get premium advantages and offers. Focal Admin The focal administrator will have more authority over the business activities in the five branches and will have the option to screen business tasks also. The fundamental suppositions made during the planning of the task plan are as per the following. It has been expected that the incorporated database will give the directors to have more authority over the business. It has been expected that business progression will be kept up because of the centralization of the server. Suggestions In light of the readied venture plan, the accompanying proposals can be recommended. During centralization of the server, reasonable security framework ought to be applied so as to shield the server information from outer assaults. Legitimate information encryption strategies ought to be utilized for transmission of business information from the branch servers to the focal server. In this report, a venture plan has been sent for the improvement of data framework for Lilydale Movies. The two principle gives that have been proposed to address in this task incorporate the advancement of regular brought together server for the association just as the normal enrollment entry through which, the top notch individuals will have the option to increase premium advantages in all the stores of the organization. In light of the prerequisites and the extent of this undertaking, the general venture plan has been chalked and structured including specialized determinations and expectations that should be accomplished in course of the task. What's more, an utilization case graph has been built up that has been utilized show the general framework format that ought to be built up that will assist with taking care of the current recognized issues at Lilydale Movies. For clarifying the working of the utilization case chart, every one of the frameworks has been additionally explaine d utilizing middle of the road use case outlines. In the general framework, these utilization cases will be utilized as the framework outline and the improvements will be done likewise. It has in like manner been expected that the proposed framework will take care of the issues that have been featured in the current framework in Lilydale Movies. Use Case Descriptions Name Client Login Portrayal So as to do shopping from the companys site, the client should enter the internet shopping entrance Entertainers Clients (Regular and Premium) Hierarchical Benefits Secure E-Commerce Suspicions The clients will have the option to comprehend the utilization of online entry with no trouble Triggers Login ID and Password Pre-Conditions The client needs to enter the privilege login ID and secret key Post-Conditions At the point when the right id and secret phrase are entered, the client is diverted into the shopping entry Name Focal Database Portrayal The focal database will be made to which a

Asessment Free Essays

I will keep on utilizing this need bearing as the model in this evaluation 1 guide. Your task is to: 1 . Select one need bearing from the rundown. We will compose a custom exposition test on Asessment or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now For instance: One of the six need headings of the Nest activity motivation is ‘Improving the social and passionate prosperity of youthful Australians’ (pig 14). 2. Present the need course featuring the noteworthiness for Australian kids and youth You could: Discuss what Is social and enthusiastic prosperity and what are the advantages or results of passionate and social prosperity for kids and youth. For instance the early year’s explore gives proof that Infant holding and positive early life social encounters can reinforce sound mental health giving the possibility to more prominent instructive accomplishment and the ability to shape fruitful connections (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004, Children’s Emotional Development Is Built into the Architecture of Their Brains: Working Paper No. 2. Http://www. Formatively. Net). 3. Distinguish the present status of kid and youth wellbeing and prosperity in Australia (birth to 24 years) in your chose need bearing and present the issue at present looked in Australia. Distinguish Australian measurements from different assets that show the results related social and enthusiastic prosperity for Australian kids. You may utilize RACY proof, for example, Report Card: The prosperity of youthful Australians alongside other Australian sources e. G. AYAH to help your conversation. The RACY Report Card utilizes the normal of all ‘Loved and Safe’ measures to give a worldwide marker of social and enthusiastic prosperity. You can allude to this. You could likewise give insights identified with different determinants and related results for this need zone and issues how the factor is significant e. G. Harassing and the effect on youth psychological well-being. 4. Examine what determinants of wellbeing and prosperity are adding to these results. Distinguish determinants from across different settings affecting kid and youth result I. E. Procedures in the smaller scale, mess, ex. Or then again full scale frameworks. In this segment you can examine the elements that impact the insights and wellbeing results you have brought up in your article. For instance distinguish different determinants of social and passionate prosperity including both defensive and hazard factors. Talk about owe joblessness (ex.) may influence family working (smaller scale, for example, positive correspondence. 5. Propose methodologies upheld by look into and the writing that will help accomplish at least one parts of the Nest activity plan vision for Australia’s kids and in any setting impacting youngster and youth results I. . Procedures in the smaller scale, mess, ex. Or on the other hand full scale frameworks. Scares is a school wellbeing advancement program that assists schools with supporting youngsters to accomplish their objectives, manufacture connections and adapt to difficulties (http://wry. Scares. Due. AU/about-Intimidates/what-is-Intimidates). In what capacity would implementation be able to be energize d in your nearby school? Tips on the structure of your paper You have some opportunity in this evaluation undertaking to choose expansive or concentrated issues affecting on youngster and youth wellbeing. This will affect on the most proficient method to introduce your work. Plan your introduction cautiously. Your introduction can follow the request for task errands recorded in the unit blueprint or you may reorder the data to improve the coherent progression of your thoughts and the paper. You can introduce your work as an article be that as it may, you may utilize headings to react to the different undertakings. A decent asset on compelling composition and how to compose an exposition is: http://unlearning. IOW. Due. AU/principle. HTML. See additionally an examination among paper and a report style http://unlearning. IOW. Due. AU/report/l b. HTML Correct referencing following the Harvard style is required See the checking measures in the unit plot for the territories your work will be evaluated against. Every instructor will organize a webbing meeting for your gathering where you can pose inquiry about the primary appraisal. These meetings will be recorded so that on the off chance that you can’t go to the set time you can tune in to the inquiries and answers sometime in the future. Instructions to refer to Asessment, Papers

List of Essay Topics For High School Students

List of Essay Topics For High School StudentsWhen you are searching for a list of essay topics for high school students, it is a good idea to select some of the best resources that you can find online. There are many resources that will provide high school students with writing assignments that they can use as they prepare for their college admissions essays. In this article, we are going to discuss about some of the best resources for finding lists of essay topics for high school students.One of the first places that you should look for lists of essay topics for high school students is on the internet. The internet provides many different ways that you can search for lists of essay topics for high school students. You can go on the internet and start by browsing through all of the different websites that are providing these types of essays. After you browse through all of the different websites, you should consider using the search engines to narrow down your list of websites that y ou want to use.The next thing that you should do is to use the search engines to narrow down your results that you are getting when you start searching for a list of essay topics for high school students. Since there are so many different websites that are providing these types of essays, you should go ahead and narrow down your search in order to only search for one website that is providing these types of essays.After you have narrowed down your results, you should then begin your search for a list of essay topics for high school students that can be found on the internet. If you were to go to a book store or a local bookstore, chances are that you would not have found a website that was offering these types of essays. This is because the majority of the bookstores and the local bookstores simply do not carry this type of essay topics for high school students.However, you will be able to find a website that is providing these types of essays online if you were to search for a webs ite that is known for providing these types of essays for high school students. Many of the essay topic websites for high school students are going to be found online.Once you have found a website that is offering the type of essay topics that you want, you should begin to browse through the website. Take the time to read through the different essay topics that are being offered. While you are doing this, you will also want to take the time to browse through each individual essay topic in order to see if it is something that you would be interested in doing.Once you are finished browsing through the different essay topics that are available on the website, you should then decide whether or not you would like to pay for the essay topics that you are interested in doing and the college admissions essays that you want to do. You will also want to make sure that you are going to be able to finish these different type of essays in order to get your college essay grades up.After you have completed all of the work that you need to do, you should then go back and begin to write your essay topic and essay for each individual essay topic. By going through this process, you will be able to ensure that you are giving yourself a great opportunity to get your college essay grades up.

Essay on Red Hunting Hat - 723 Words

What does symbolism add to a book? It adds morals and depth to the novel. It makes the reader learn something interesting or lets them gain knowledge of something that can change their outlook on how they perceive things. In the novel Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, it is about a perplexed boy, Holden Caulfield. He has trouble dealing the issue of growing up. One of the major symbols in the book is Holden’s red hunting hat. Salinger uses the hat to signify Holden’s need for comfort and his adolescent problems and pressures. To begin, when reading the novel one seems to come upon Holden‘s red hunting hat many times while reading. This hunting hat demonstrates Holden’s need for safety and comfort. He was deprived of it when he†¦show more content†¦But at time his pressure seemed to be a little extreme. â€Å"My ears were nice and warm, though. That hat I bought had earlaps in it, and I put them on – I don’t give a damn how I looked. Nobody was around anyway. Everybody was in the sack† (53). This quote exemplifies how Holden tends to take his image to seriously. Yet throughout the novel Holden says that people that are obsessed with their look are phony, showing the reader that at time he is a hypocrite considering he’s obsessed with his look also. Not only does this happen once or twice but numerous times in the book. The quote tries to explain that Holden does not care what people think about him and yet if he did not he would not have announced that eve ryone was sleeping and nobody could see him. When Stradlater gets home from his date with Jane Gallagher, he and Holden get in a fight. When it is over, both Holden and Stradlater are left in physical pain. â€Å"I kept sitting there on the floor till I heard old Stradlater close the door and go down the corridor to the can, then I got up. I couldn’t find my goddam hunting hat anywhere. Finally I found it†¦ I put it on, and turned the old peak around to the back, the way I liked it† (45). The fight that Holden has with Stradlater is about Stradlater going out on a date with Holden’s friend Jane Gallagher. Holden gets upset with Stradlater for doing that because he thinksShow MoreRelatedRed Hunting Hat Analysis987 Words   |  4 Pagesthe red hunting hat comes up in moderation, the hunting hat pops up in the first chapter and stays consistent throughout the novel. The red hunting hat develops the symbol that Holden uses alienation as a form of self protecti on or Holden is hunting for his purpose in the world. Holden usually puts on the hat in a situation where he needs protection as if the hat were a safety blanket, for instance when Holden was in Penn Station and in the cab just needing someone to talk to, I took my red huntingRead MoreRed Hunting Hat Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesWhen Holden Caulfield buys a red hunting hat he buys it for individuality and every time he mentions his special hat he searches for companionship from others. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, the red hunting hat symbolizes Holden’s central conflict: the need for isolation vs the need for companionship. Holden notices and buys the red hunting hat in New York after losing the fencing equipment for the Pencey Prep team. The first person to notice the hat is a boy named Ackley, afterRead MoreEssay On Red Hunting Hat In Catcher In The Rye1071 Words   |  5 PagesSporting a plaid, red deer hunting hat, he would consistently pull the bill of the hat around to the back due to he insisted he looked better. The flaps would always stay down to cover his ears and would constantly be questioned why he was wearing a deer hunting hat when he was not hunting deer. Holden Caulfield, main character of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, regularly dons a red deer hunting hat for the majority of the novel. The Catcher in the Rye is a coming-of-age novel showing howRead More Holden’s Red Hunting Hat and it’s Symbolism Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pages Can a hat really provide a person with emotion, or for that matter, can a hat ever protect a person from their own emotions? In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger the image of the main character’s red hunting hat comes up many times. Holden, the main character buys a hat while he is in New York with his school fencing team. Holden has just been kicked out of his school because for academic reasons, he decides to leave his school before the winter break starts, so he goes to NewRead MoreHolden ´s Red Hunting Hat in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger652 Words   |  3 PagesHolden’s red hunting hat is one of the main symbols in the book, The Catcher in the Rye. The hat represents individuality and uniqueness. It symbolizes the confidence, self esteem, and comfort in who someone is. Holden is only willing to express himself when he is alone, with no one around. He looks for approval. Holden does not want to be seen negatively in any way. The hat is a symbol that Holden uses to tell Phoebe that she should always stay the same. Also, to tell her that she should be confidentRead MoreIn â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield’s red hunting hat a symbol. A symbol600 Words   |  3 PagesIn â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield’s red hunting hat a symbol. A symbol represents and idea, belief, image or object. This hat helps us see and witness Holden’s journey from childhood to adulthood. Holden Caulfield’s red hunting hat is a symbol that represents the struggle between isolation and human contact, protection, link to innocence and growth as his story unfolds. Though it is a bumpy ride, its a ride we will all take. Though Holden seems like he hates society,Read MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay624 Words   |  3 Pagesrecognized symbol is Holden’s red hunting hat. It is present in many situations and has abundance amount of symbolic characteristics. The red hunting hat plays an important role to Holden and represents his individuality, safety, as well as his strive for childhood innocence. In the beginning of the story, Holden buys the red hunting hat while in New York for a fencing match and wears it throughout the book. Holden’s individuality is displayed when he wears and puts on his hat. For example, â€Å"The way IRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 Pagesthat Salinger uses the red hunting hat and the museum to show that dealing with the death of a loved one can be overwhelming for young people who don’t know how to cope properly. One way that J.D. Salinger explores dealing with death is through his use of Holden’s red hunting hat. When Holden first uses his hat, he states, â€Å"I took off my coat and my tie and unbuttoned my shirt collar, and then I put on this hat I’d bought in New York that morning. It was this red hunting hat, with one of those veryRead MoreSymbols in The Catcher in the Rye967 Words   |  4 Pagesrye. But sooner or later Holden will realize that eventually children grow up. In The Catcher in the Rye three symbols that have significant meanings and contributions to the story as a whole are Holden erasing profanity, the museum, and the red hunting hat. The first symbol is Holden erasing profanity off the school wall. This act symbolizes his realization that he can’t protect children forever. Holden sees â€Å"f- you† written on the walls of Phoebe’s school and thinks about â€Å"†¦ how Phoebe andRead MoreTheme Of Innocence In Catcher In The Rye951 Words   |  4 Pagesas his red hunting hat, the swear words on the walls, and Holden dropping the Little Shirley Beans record on the ground. Holden Caulfield’s red hunting hat is mentioned throughout the novel, like a motif, but it does not just display that Holden is feeling cold when he wears his hat. In chapter 3 of the novel, is when he first mentions his hunting hat. Since Holden is mostly pessimistic about things, the only things he did like was his siblings, Allie and Phoebe, and his red hunting hat, which he

How Is the French Verb Cesser (to Stop) Conjugated

In French, the verb  cesser  means to cease or to stop. This is an easy one to remember because it sounds like the English cease even though the spelling is slightly different. French students will also find this to be a relatively simple lesson in verb conjugations. Conjugating the French Verb  Cesser The stem for  cesser  is  cess  and it  is a  regular -ER verb. This means that you simply have to add the common endings used for most -er  verbs to conjugate it when you want to say stopped or stopping. Verb conjugations add an infinitive ending  in order to imply the present, future, or past tense. This is the same as adding an -ed or -ing in English. It is more complicated in French, though, because we change the endings to match the subject as well as the tense. The chart will help you navigate the various endings of  cesser. Simply match the subject pronoun with the proper tense: I cease is je cesse and we will stop is nous cesserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je cesse cesserai cessais tu cesses cesseras cessais il cesse cessera cessait nous cessons cesserons cessions vous cessez cesserez cessiez ils cessent cesseront cessaient The Present Participle of  Cesser Using the stem of cesser, add -ant and you have the  present participle  cessant. In this form, cesser  can work as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to express the past tense in French. To use it, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  according to  the subject. Then, simply add the  past participle  cessà ©. As an example, I stopped is  jai cessà © and we  ceased is nous avons cessà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and the past participle is used for both subjects. More Simple  Cesser  Conjugations to Know There are a few more conjugations of  cesser  that you may use at times. The subjunctive and conditional are verb moods, imply a degree of uncertainty, and are used frequently. In contrast, the passà © composà © and imperfect subjunctive are primarily reserved for formal writing, so they can be rather rare. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je cesse cesserais cessai cessasse tu cesses cesserais cessas cessasses il cesse cesserait cessa cesst nous cessions cesserions cessmes cessassions vous cessiez cesseriez cesstes cessassiez ils cessent cesseraient cessrent cessassent ​ To express  cesser  in an exclamation, use the imperative verb form. When doing so, you can skip the subject pronoun and use the verb on its own: cesse rather than tu cesse. Imperative (tu) cesse (nous) cessons (vous) cessez

The Changing Roles Of Men And Women In Hispanic Cultures

Men and women are treated very differently in other parts of the world; especially in a Hispanic household. In many Hispanic households, females and males are treated very differently, not only in this generation but in the previous generations. Each gender has their own role in the household, but each role that the male or female have are very dissimilar in their own ways. The roles that these people have are unfair and they are not equal. This situation has gotten better over the years, but it can still improve. In Hispanic cultures, women have to meet expectations. Little girls are taught that they need to find a husband to take care of them. From a young age, they are taught by their mothers to cook, clean and care for their†¦show more content†¦In Hispanic households, men are treated as if they are babies, but they are expected to be tough, strong and to be able to provide for the family. They are also the â€Å"big boss† in the household, they are the ones that make the whole rules for the family. So whatever the male says whatever goes. Men can also bend the rules. It implies freedom for working and even for reprehensible behavior such as drinking and infidelity. A blind eye is turned to these behaviors because men provide the financial support of a household.(Men, women, Immigrants, 2) Women and men have a different upbringing in a Hispanic household. Men are the providers and women are the nurturers. Today these are the expectations in a Hispanic family. Many young boys in households are cared for by their mothers more than the girls. It is like boys are the golden children. It is very rare when a mother will tell their son to wash dishes or do their laundry: because they fulfill every needs their child has. My cousin is the only girl in her family and she has two other brothers. When I asked her how it was living with two brothers, she responded it really sucks, we get treated very differently. She added that. Whenever she is busy doin g homework and her brothers areShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Vs. Pluralistic Theory Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesis theory that interprets American culture to have many different sub-cultures that incorporates their values, beliefs and traditions and integrates them on to a bigger cultural scale such as subcultures like Hispanics and African Americans. Steets (2014) explains each human child experiences a pluralism of significant others â€Å"in essential socialization and grows as a self in discovering a method for coordinating the diverse parts allotted to him or her. Hispanics and African Americans are two differentRead MoreCultural Gender And Gender Roles1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe older I get the more faults I find in my culture and the gender ideology behind it. Growing up Hispanic in the United States has made a huge impact in my life today, and while I believe it has benefitted me personally, research however seems to prove the opposite. Research today proves that eve n though these beliefs prove to be changing, the influence Hispanic culture has can negatively affect the way both men and women view their own gender roles and identity. Although research supports theRead MoreAlcohol As A Dangerous Deadly Weapon1677 Words   |  7 Pagesdrinking illegally. Even going back to indigenous roots of Latino/Hispanics, alcohol has been a huge component to celebrations, traditions and social upbringings. The use of alcohol can be seen as one of the most important social lubricants in society. For nearly thousands of years, alcohol has taken the role of providing enjoyment and the capability to bring people together, which of course proves its strong influence it has on culture. Often alcohol is overlooked in society, despite the good qualitiesRead MoreThe Reform Of The United States1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe most urgent reform to be implemented is to have more women hold management positions, and train current employees to be understanding of cultural transformations within the company. We should increase the ethnic group, specifically African American and Hispanic, by educating Facebook s Human Resources Department. Currently there are only 1 percent African Americans and 4 percent Hispanic that are working for Facebook. It is critical that more minority groups are hired, because bringing in individualsRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Movie The Single Moms Club 1323 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia way too often. â€Å"This overview of the most common Hispanic stereotypes portrayed in the media reveals why sweeping generalizations about Latinos are harmful† (Nittle). Whether it is a male or female Latin actress/actor, the stereotypes rage from: Latin lovers and sexpot’s to thugs and immigrants. When in reality, not all Latino’s are what the stereotypes claim. Have you ever seen a movie or show in which the main male character is a Hispanic hunk who gets all the ladies? He would be consideredRead MoreCulture Is A Major Factor Of Obesity1555 Words   |  7 PagesCulture is a major factor of obesity. Many people generalize overweight and obese people as lazy and gluttonous. These people who generalize, like doctors and health nuts, ignore other factors that could cause a person to be heavy. They overlook the effect of food habits and how they can be passed down from generation to generation, much like a cultural tradition, and how respecting some of these traditions can be just as important as following their cultures values. Culture plays a greater roleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Heteropatriarchy And The Three Pillars Of White Supremacy `` By Andrea Smith970 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpretation of an ad. The imagine of the Hispanic values billboard ad, displays a Hispanic male in his uniform serving his nation, which creates a sense of patriotism. This young Hispanic man is doing an honorable act by serving his nation and implies that others should follow his footsteps. In the article, â€Å"Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy,† by Andrea Smith examines how we are all oppressed in different forms, focusing on the framework of â€Å"women of color† or â€Å"people of color† inRead MoreFactors That Affect The Probability Of An Individual1506 Words   |  7 Pagesone s chances of going to college is the race of an individual. In 1995 the top 146 most selective colleges, the freshman class racial diversity showed that the African American and Hispanic students only made up 6% of the population each. Which in comparison to the fact the African Americans made up 15% and Hispanics made up 13% of all 18 year olds at that time, there is a large disparity between the racial representation of minorities at these colleges.(Carnevale) Observing the data gathered byRead MoreMy Self Concept Is Your Overall Perception Of Who You Are1616 Words   |  7 Pagesperception of who you are.† My self-concept is constantly changing due to confidence boosts or if I become depressed and sad; these factors also influence my self-esteem. My self-concept helps determine how well I am able to communicate with others. â€Å"Some psychologists and sociologist have advanced theories that suggest we learn who we are through four basic meaning: our communication with other individuals, our association with groups, roles we assume , and our self-labels† (Beebe 35). Read MoreA Long Term Care Resident974 Words   |  4 Pagesbe encountered everywhere. According to Barker (2003) diversity is defined as, â€Å"Variety, or the opposite of homogeneity†¦usually refers to the range of personnel who more accurately represent minority populations and people from varied backgrounds, cultures, ethnicities, and viewpoints,† (pg. 126). The reason why it is important to be aware of these issues is because as a social work profession, social workers are there to advocate for their clients and ensure that they are treated fairly by treating

Project Management Methodologies for GE Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management Methodologies for GE Company. Answer: Project management methodologies are models that are applied in planning, designing, and implementing a project to achieve predetermined project objectives [1]. Project management problems occur when project methodologies are not successfully implemented across the process of project management. Engineering projects require coordination from all stakeholders to ensure that they work as a team to meet specific goals. Project management requires effective networking to ensure alignment of the specifications of the product being manufactured [2]. The following report analyses project management problems and their possible causes a case study of Frank designing and building Rapid Prototype machines for jet engine job for Cocable Company that was contracted by GE Company. The report will also outline recommendations on how to avoid project management problems. Background information Frank Billing, a passionate entrepreneur in rapid prototyping was contracted to a project together with Cocable Company to deliver on rapid prototyping machine. The project involved Cocable Company designing and manufacturing cable installations for GE company newest jet engine. As part of the project, Cocable was required to design junction boxes and switch covers that required complex shapes and multiple designs. Frank, haven worked with Cocable for three years before resigning, presented himself for the job. Frank was contracted to custom build four rapid prototyping machines and their specifications. Frank designed and built RP machines of 48inchs that could also fit 55inch capacity. During the testing day, the RP machines did not work because the specifications required were 62inchs. This led to the project failing and a blame smarted between the three parties. Project management problems The following project management problems occurred in designing and building of the Rapid Prototypes for GE jet engine; First, there was poor communication: The communication between the GE Company, Cocable Company and Frank was poor when initiating, designing and implementing the project. There was poor communication of specifications that lead to production of RP machines that did not meet the jet engine specifications. The GE Company says it mentioned before the start contracting the Cocable Company about the RP machine specifications. Frank worked on the wrong specifications as he followed what he was told by Cocable Company. Secondly, there was inexperience in the project. Cocable Company was a specialist in manufacturing cables and cables related products that were not related to rapid prototyping. To Frank, it was the first time to work on a huge project. This led to loopholes of mistakes in executing a project that had no room for mistakes. Thirdly, there was an unreasoned deadline. The GE Company required the Cocable Company to work under tight schedules. The testing of the machine was done on the minute that left no time for correcting possible mistakes during the project. This led to fluctuating expectations from the contracting company. The project did not follow project management process. The stakeholders in the project did not have a formal project management process. The project progress was not tracked to ensuring each level success and likely loopholes are timely addressed [4].A formal systematic work schedule would have ensured mistakes are minimized and corrected at each level when measuring success and avoid last minute chaos of wrong specifications. Therefore, the ineffective network management of the project led to the failure of the project when the deadline was over and a lot of resources wasted. From the analysis, Cocable should pay for the change for failure to properly implement the project management methodologies. Recommendations The following things would have been done in the project to avoid the project failure; First, Cocable Company should have implemented a formal project management processes. This would have increased the chances of project success and minimize loopholes in the project. GE Company should have made its communication in writing at the start of the project. Mentioning specifications before the contract was signed was unofficial communication that created a loophole in the project. Cocable Company should also have formally taken specifications of the rapid prototypes required for the jet engine. Effective communication would have ensured no specification mistakes occurred in the project. GE Company should have done an appraisal of the company they were contracting. Cocable Company was specialized in manufacturing cables and had no experience in rapid Prototyping. This means that GE Company would have only contracted Cocable Company on what they were well experienced in. Cocable having experience in Rapid Prototyping would have been able to inquire about specifications and avoid last minute discovery that the RP were not working for the jet engine. Cocable Company should have implemented each level evaluation to ensure what they were working on and Franks designs were within jet engine specification. This level evaluation would havbe ensured tracking and avoids last minute detection that the RP machines were not compatible [5]. Lastly, the project should have been planned on a flexible deadline. A flexible schedule would have ensured that there was time to correct mistakes done in the designing and building of the RP machines. Conclusion Poor network project management led to the failure of the project between GE Company, Cocable limited, and Frank. Cocable failed to implement proper project management methodologies that could have ensured success of the project. Cocable Company lacked experience in Rapid Prototyping machines and GE Company did not know which led to a loophole in the project. Cocable Company should pay all the charges because it failed to implement an effective network project management methodology. Therefore, it can be concluded that effective communication and proper implementation of project management methodologies are essential when undertaking a networked contract to enhance success of a project. References [1] S. Rozenes, "The Impact of Project Management Methodologies on Project Performance", International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 64-73, 2011. [2] W. Wojciech Macek, "Methodologies of Project Management", Contemporary Economics, vol. 4, no. 4, 2011. [3] H. Wells, "How Effective Are Project Management Methodologies? An Explorative Evaluation of Their Benefits in Practice", Project Management Journal, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 43-58, 2012. [4] F. Mir and A. Pinnington, "Exploring the value of project management: Linking Project Management Performance and Project Success", International Journal of Project Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 202-217, 2014. [5] A. Manole and I. Grabara, "METHODOLOGIES AND VISUALIZATION TOOLSOF EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT", Polish Journal of Management Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 137-149, 2016.

British Cinema Essay Research Paper On January free essay sample

British Cinema Essay, Research Paper On January 14, 1896, at England s Royal Photographic Society, American-born lensman and discoverer Birt Acres held a public showing of gesture images he d made in 1895, utilizing a camera he d designed with Robert William Paul ( based on the Edison Kinetoscope ) ; Acres movies included Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race and Rough Sea At Dover. The following month, Frenchman F? licen Trewey, the Lumi? rhenium Brothers London representative, gave England s first movie plan to bear down admittance, with short docudramas and glances of music-hall performing artists. Subsequently that twelvemonth, Acres made comedies and a play, The Arrest Of A Pickpocket, but by 1900 returned to contriving. Paul kept with movie until 1910, largely bring forthing trick-photography trunkss like those of Georges M? Li? s, such as The Twins Tea Party ( 1897 ) . In 1899 he built England s first indoor movie studio and made such inventive phantasies as Ocean trip To The Arctic ( 1903 ) and The? Motorist ( 1906 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on British Cinema Essay Research Paper On January or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page George Albert Smith, who besides produced M? Li? s-style comedies, used inventions such as close-ups, in Grandma s Reading Glass ( 1900 ) , and colour: He patented the Kinemacolor procedure with American-born Charles Urban in 1906, which was used in his Kinemacolor Puzzle ( 1909 ) and Urban s The Durbar At Delhi ( 1911 ) . In the early 1900s, Scottish-born producer/director James Williamson made complete play such as Attack On A Chinese Mission Station ( 1900 ) and Fire ( 1902 ) . Music-hall amusing Alf Collins became a skilled manager in the redaction and camerawork of such movies as The Pickpocket ( 1903 ) . Cecil Hepworth, a former helper to Acres, produced the polished and extremely popular Rescued By Rover ( 1905, directed by Lewin Fitzhamon ) , in which he starred with his household ( and their Canis familiaris! ) . William George Barker produced England s first two-reeler in 1911: Henry VIII, directed by Louis N. Parker, with phase histrion Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Scottish manager Arthur Vivian followed with a three-reel Rob Roy. In 1912 Hepworth produced the four-reel Oliver Twist, directed by Thomas Bentley, and Wilfred Loy directed the five-reel Lorna Doone ; the following twelvemonth, Barker produced a six-reel East Lynne, and Hepworth and Bentley their eight-reel David Copperfield Despite these progresss, British movie was already in problem. By 1910, Europe and Hollywood dominated the market, with domestic productions consisting merely 15 per centum of the movies shown in England. The war further hurt the industry, despite such noteworthy productions as the first Sherlock Holmes narrative, A Study In Scarlet ( 1914 ) , and the Feuillade-style consecutive Ultus # 8212 ; The Man From The Dead ( 1916 ) , both directed by George Pearson. After the war, Pearson made a star of teenage Betty Balfour, whom he introduced in the hit sentimental comedies Nothing Else Matters ( 1920 ) and Squibs ( 1921 ) ; they continued to work together in the 1920s. Hep worth, nevertheless, had his last successes with such movies as Alf s Button ( 1920 ) and Comin Thro The Rye ( 1922 ) . Michael Balcon became a manufacturer with the international hit Woman To Woman ( 1923 ) , directed by Graham Cutts and starring Hollywood s Betty Compson ; Cutts subsequently scored directing phase star Ivor Novello in Balcon s The Rat ( 1925 ) and The Triumph Of The Rat ( 1926 ) . Balcon besides launched the calling of Cutts helper, who would go one of England s greatest film makers: Alfred Hitchcock. However, merely their 3rd coaction, the Jack The Ripper thriller The Lodger ( 1926, besides with Novello ) , looked in front to the manner and dazes of Hitchcock s talking pictures. Producer/director Herbert Wilcox had hits with Nell Gwynn ( 1926 ) , starring Dorothy Gish, and Dawn ( 1928 ) with Sybil Thorndike. Yet by 1926 a mere five per centum of movies shown in England were British-made. The authorities set a quota system that forced theatres to exhibit an inc reasing sum of British movies. The jump-start afforded by this statute law, nevertheless, worked against the industry in the 1930s, when cheap and uninspired quota band aids filled British film # 8212 ; and emptied them. Hitchcock directed the first British talking picture, Blackmail ( 1929 ) , and used sound creatively ; besides impressive were his mystery Murder ( 1930 ) and his provocative black comedy Rich And Strange ( 1932 ) . Anthony Asquith, who d been co-writer and associate manager on the fashionable movie-industry comedy/drama Shooting Stars ( 1928 ) , used sound good in his first talking pictures, the romantic-triangle play A Cottage On Dartmoor ( 1930 ) and the war movie Tell England ( 1931, co-directed with Geoffrey Barkas ) . Most early sound movies, nevertheless, brought small imaginativeness to the engineering. Magyar producer/director Alexander Korda, who came to England in 1932, made several quota band aids before hiting an international hit with the munificent biopic The Private Life Of Henry VIII ( 1933 ) starring Charles Laughton. Korda produced several major movies in the 30s, including The Scarlet Pimpernel ( 1934 ) with Leslie Howard ; Sanders Of The River ( 1935 ) , directed by his brother Zolt? N ; and the H.G. Wells version Thingss To Come ( 1936 ) , directed by William Cameron Menzies. Korda besides directed Laughton in their authoritative biopic Rembrandt ( 1936 ) . Michael Balcon produced many darling movies in these old ages, including the Jessie Matthews musicals Evergreen ( 1934 ) and First A Girl ( 1935 ) with manager Victor Saville ; Robert Flaherty s authoritative documental Man Of Aran ( 1934 ) ; the Boris Karloff horror tales The Ghoul ( 1933 ) and The Man Who Changed His Mind ( 1936 ) ; and Will Hay s 1936 comedies Where There s A Will and Windbag The Sailor, both directed by William Beaudine. Balcon besides produced four of Hitchcock s authoritative undercover agent movies: The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1934 ) , The 39 Stairss ( 1935 ) , Secret Agent ( 1936 ) , and Sabotage ( 1936 ) . Hitchcock went on to direct the thriller Young And Innocent ( 1937 ) , the superb undercover agent enigma The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) , and Jamaica Inn ( 1939 ) with Laughton before go forthing to work in Hollywood. The terminal of the decennary saw the release of Asquith s Shaw version Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , Zolt? n Korda s arousal escapade tale The Four Feathers ( 1939 ) , and the A.J. Cronin version The Stars Look Down ( 1939 ) , directed by Carol Reed. But the industry was fall ining under the crush of profitless quota band aids and began to cut back on production. With the start of World War II, all movie resources went to the war attempt. Michael Powell, who d made the realistic escapade tale The Edge of The World ( 1937 ) , directed the Nazi-espionage play The Spy In Black ( 1939, aka U-Boat 29 ) . Producer Alexander Korda brought in Powell on The Lion Has Wings ( 1939, co-directed with Brian Desmond Hurst and A drian Brunel ) , a morale-booster of British air power, and the authoritative phantasy The Thief Of Bagdad ( 1940, co-directed with Ludwig Berger and Tim Whelan ) . With author Emeric Pressburger, Powell made the behind-enemy-lines play 49th Parallel ( 1941 ) and One Of Our Aircraft Is Missing ( 1942 ) ; together they produced, wrote, and directed a controversial narrative of a British officer s long calling, The Life And Death Of Colonel Blimp ( 1943 ) . David Lean went from editor to manager, sharing the helming undertakings with Noel Coward, who was besides author, manufacturer, and star of In Which We Serve ( 1942 ) , a authoritative anthem to the British naval forces. Other noteworthy wartime movies include the semi-documentary Next Of Kin ( 1942 ) , directed by Thorold Dickinson ; Balcon s production of Nazis ranger in England, Went The Day Well? ( 1942 ) , directed by Alberto Cavalcanti ; The First Of The Few ( 1942 ) , about the shaper of the Spitfire plane, and the last mov ie of actor/director Leslie Howard ; Asquith s airfield-personnel play The Way To The Stars ( 1945 ) ; and two expressions at civilian life, Millions Like Us ( 1943 ) , written and directed by Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat, and The Way Ahead ( 1944 ) , directed by Carol Reed. Equally loyal in spirit was actor/director Laurence Olivier s stirring Henry V ( 1944 ) . Respite from the war came in the Shaw version Major Barbara ( 1941 ) , directed by Gabriel Pascal ; Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger s pilgrims journey play A Canterbury Tale ( 1944 ) and their romantic narrative I Know Where I m Traveling ( 1945 ) ; David Lean s movies of the Noel Coward plays This Happy Breed ( 1944 ) , Blithe Spirit ( 1945 ) , and Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) ; and Balcon s authoritative horror anthology Dead Of Night ( 1945 ) .After the war, Powell and Pressburger created three of the best loved of all British movies: the fantasy/drama A Matter Of Life And Death ( 1946, aka Stairway To Heaven ) , w ith its test held in Eden ; the fashionable convent psychodrama Black Narcissus ( 1947 ) ; and the landmark concert dance movie The Red Shoes ( 1948 ) with Moira Shearer. David Lean outdid himself with two authoritative versions of Charles Dickens , Great Expectations ( 1946 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , both starring Alec Guinness. Carol Reed, now a producer/director, made the movies that are the footing of his repute: the authoritative narrative of a fleeting Irish Rebel, Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) with James Mason ; the Graham Greene version The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) with Ralph Richardson ; and the black-market thriller in postwar Vienna, The Third Man ( 1949 ) , scripted by Greene and starring Orson Welles. Olivier had another hit with the Bard, starring in and directing Hamlet ( 1948 ) . Balcon s best productions included the comedy Whiskey Galore! ( 1949, aka Tight Little Island ) , directed by Alexander Mackendrick, with Scots island-dwellers scrambling to salve whisky from a sinki ng ship, and two movies directed by Robert Hamer: the escaped-convict play It Always Rains On Sunday ( 1947 ) and the black comedy Kind Hearts And Coronets ( 1949 ) , with Alec Guinness as eight household members/victims.Balcon s last major movies of the fiftiess were his comedies with Guinness. Charles Crichton directed the caper satire The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) ; Mackendrick helmed The Man In The White Suit ( 1951 ) , in which Guinness terrors industry by contriving a suit that wo nt deteriorate, and The Ladykillers ( 1955 ) , with Guinness taking a battalion of liquidators who ca nt dispose of one small old lady. Powell and Pressburger s work became more fickle but boasted such of import rubrics as The Tales Of Hoffman ( 1951 ) , a production of Offenbach s opera, and their last two coactions, the war actioners The Battle Of The River Plate ( 1956, aka Pursuit Of The Graf Spee ) and Ill Met By Moonlight ( 1957, aka Night Ambush ) . David Lean continued doing major plants: Th e Sound Barrier ( 1952, aka Interrupting The Sound Barrier ) , an history of the innovation of jet planes, written by Terence Rattigan ; the sly 1890s comedy Hobson s Choice ( 1954 ) with Charles Laughton ; Summer Madness ( 1955, aka Summertime ) , written by Lean and H.E. Bates, with Katharine Hepburn as a old maid who falls in love with a married adult male while holidaying in Venice ; and the international box-office knock The Bridge On The River Kwai ( 1957 ) , with Alec Guinness as the British POW who leads his work forces to construct a span for their hated Nipponese capturers. Other major British movies of the 50s include the terrorist thriller Seven Days To Noon ( 1950 ) and the labor-union sarcasm I m All Right, Jack ( 1959 ) with Peter Sellers, both directed by John Boulting and produced by his twin brother Ray ; The Horse s Mouth ( 1958 ) , with Guinness authoritative portraiture of the bizarre creative person ; Olivier s movie of Shakespeare s Richard III ( 1955 ) and h is comedy with Marilyn Monroe, The Prince And The Showgirl ( 1957 ) , written by Terence Rattigan ; Carol Reed s Joseph Conrad version, Outcast Of The Islands ( 1951 ) , and The Man Between ( 1953 ) , set in postwar Berlin ; Asquith s versions of the Rattigan plays The Winslow Boy ( 1950 ) and The Browning Version ( 1951 ) , and his movie of Oscar Wilde s The Importance Of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) ; manager Peter Brook s first movie, The Beggar s Opera ( 1953 ) , a production of the John Gay opera ; A Night To Remember ( 1958 ) , a powerful history of the sinking of the Titanic, directed by Roy Ward Baker ; and manager Jack Clayton s first movie, Room At The Top ( 1958 ) , a expression at the corporate outlook in England. Several long-running comedy series besides started in the fiftiess. Frank Launder wrote, produced, and directed the school comedy The Happiest Days Of Your Life ( 1950 ) , originating his natural state St. Trinian s series, with Alastair Sim as the headmistress of a school filled with diabolic misss # 8212 ; most notably The Belles Of St. Trinian s ( 1954 ) . The medical-school comedy Doctor In The House ( 1954 ) , directed by Ralph Thomas, put six more physicians into pattern over the following 10 old ages, played largely by Dirk Bogarde. Thomas brother Gerald directed the low-budget and philistine Carry On Sergeant ( 1958 ) and launched a series of wide Carry On comedies for the following 20 old ages. Turning to a different genre, Hammer Films became the most successful movie studio in British history with cheap but slick horror movies, get downing with The Curse Of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) and The Horror Of Dracula ( 1958 ) , directed by Terence Fisher and starring Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing. Michael Powell turned to horror in 1960 with the serial-killer shocker Peeping Tom. Today considered a authoritative, the movie was a fiscal and critical floating-point operation. Powell worked merely periodically thenceforth, and although Pre ssburger scripted his They re A Eldritch Mob ( 1966 ) and The Boy Who Turned Yellow ( 1972 ) , the old thaumaturgy did nt re-ignite. Carol Reed, working progressively in the United States, besides failed to recapture his earlier success, despite the acclamation given his movie of the musical Oliver! ( 1968 ) . Antony Asquith, again with Rattigan, had his last hurrah with the multi-episode drama The Yellow Rolls Royce (1964). David Lean, now working with writer Robert Bolt, stuck to exotic epics. He completed only two films in the 60s, but they were huge financial successes as well as two of Leans best: Lawrence Of Arabia (1962), a biopic of T.E. Lawrence, which made a star of Peter OToole, and Doctor Zhivago (1965), a romantic adaptation of Boris Pasternaks novel of the Russian revolution. Both Peter Brook and Jack Clayton did some of their finest work in the 60s. Brook made his best-known films: Lord Of The Flies (1963), an adaptation of William Goldings allegory in which a group of boys on a desert island revert to savagery, and Marat/Sade (1967), from the play by Peter Weiss, with the Marquis de Sade critiquing post-Revolutionary France (and contemporary Europe) by staging a play in the insane asylum thats also his prison. Claytons The Innocents (1961) was a chilling adaptation of Henry Jame s The Turn Of The Screw, and his Our Mothers House (1967) with Dirk Bogarde was a touching and disturbing tale of children living on their own after the death of their parents. American-born director Joseph Losey, blacklisted during the McCarthy era, settled in England in the mid 1950s; with writer Harold Pinter, he made the films for which he is best known: The Servant (1963), Accident (1967), and The Go-Between (1971), all chilling assaults on the upper class. American filmmaker Stanley Kubrick settled in England in 1961 and made three of his best films: the Nabokov adaptation Lolita (1962) with James Mason and Peter Sellers; the doomsday satire Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Bomb (1964), also with Sellers; and the science-fiction classic 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). The British theaters realism and social commentary in the late 50s emerged in cinema with director Tony Richardsons first features, Look Back In Anger (1959) with Richard Burton and Th e Entertainer (1960) with Laurence Olivier, both from plays by John Osborne. Richardson also made two strong looks at lower-class British life, A Taste Of Honey (1961) from the Shelagh Delaney play, and The Loneliness Of The Long Distance Runner (1962), a reform-school drama by writer Alan Sillitoe. His first international hit was the landmark bawdy comedy Tom Jones (1963), from Henry Fieldings novel, which made a star of Albert Finney. Richardsons other 60s films include the striking psychodrama Mademoiselle (1966) with Jeanne Moreau, written by Jean Genet, and a blistering look at military incompetence, The Charge Of The Light Brigade (1968). Other directors worked in the same Angry Young Man vein and went on to other types of stories. Karl Reisz made the working-class drama Saturday Night And Sunday Morning (1960) as well as the hip black comedy Morgan: A Suitable Case For Treatment (1966) and the Isadora Duncan biopic Isadora (1968, aka The Loves Of Isadora). John Schlesinger de buted with A Kind Of Loving (1962), an unexpected-pregnancy drama, and Billy Liar (1963), a comic look at a young man who lives in a fantasy world; he followed with an acclaimed look at upper-class emptiness, Darling (1965), and an adaptation of Thomas Hardy, Far From The Madding Crowd (1967), both with Julie Christie, before his international hit with the American-made drama of street hustlers, Midnight Cowboy (1969). Lindsay Andersons first feature was This Sporting Life (1963), a brutal look at a rugby player, written by David Storey; he later scored with If †¦ (1968) a black comedy of a boys-school uprising. Ken Loach kept the faith and starting with Poor Cow (1967) has made realistic films of the disenfranchised, often with non-professional actors: Kes (1969), Looks And Smiles, 1982). Writer/director Mike Leigh also shares this sensibility, with such striking working-class dramas as High Hopes (1988), Life Is Sweet (1990), Naked (1993), and Secrets And Lies (1996). In 1960 , actor-turned-writer Bryan Forbes scripted the caper film The League Of Gentlemen, directed by Basil Dearden, and the labor drama The Angry Silence, directed by Guy Green and starring Richard Attenborough. With Attenborough producing, Forbes debuted as a director with Whistle Down The Wind (1961), in which three school children shelter a criminal whom they think is Jesus Christ. Forbes followed by writing and directing the boarding-house drama The L-Shaped Room (1962); the kidnaping thriller Seance On A Wet Afternoon (1964), starring Attenborough and Kim Stanley; the Japanese POW drama King Rat (1965); and an offbeat drama of old age, The Whisperers (1967) with Edith Evans. American-born Richard Lester began directing films in England with the zany short The Running, Jumping And Standing Still Film (1960), starring Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan from televisions The Goon Show. Lester followed with three funny and fast-paced rock musicals which defined swinging London of the 60s: Its Trad, Dad! (1962, aka Ring-A-Ding Rhythm), his first feature, and two landmark films with the Beatles, A Hard Days Night (1964) and Help! (1965). Lesters other important 60s work includes the farce The Knack †¦ And How To Get It (1965), the Stephen Sondheim musical A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum (1966), the antiwar satire How I Won The War (1967) with John Lennon, the comedy/drama Petulia (1968), and the post-World War III comedy The Bed Sitting Room (1969). The most original and controversial of the 1960s filmmakers was Ken Russell. His first two features, the modest farce French Dressing (1963) and the spy thriller Billion Dollar Brain (1967), hinted at what was to come, but his television biopics of Isadora Duncan (Isadora: The Biggest Dancer In The World, 1966), Dante Rossetti (Dantes Inferno, 1967), and Frederick Delius (Song Of Summer, 1968) were pure Russell: provocative blends of nature painting, hallucinatory fantasy, and black comedy. His breakthro ugh feature, the erotic D.H. Lawrence adaptation Women In Love (1969), made stars of both Russell and actress Glenda Jackson, and he began making his most extreme and memorable films: The Music Lovers (1970), a Tchaikovsky biopic he called the story of a homosexual who marries a nymphomaniac, with Jackson and Richard Chamberlain; the phantasmagoric look at possession and religious madness in 17th-century France, The Devils (1971); the charming Busby Berkeley-style musical The Boy Friend (1971); biopics of the sculptor Henri Gaudier-Brzeska (Savage Messiah, 1972) and the great post-romantic composer Gustav Mahler (Mahler, 1974); a dazzling rock opera of The Whos Tommy (1975), starring Roger Daltrey and Ann-Margret; the anti-Wagner diatribe Lisztomania (1975) with Daltrey as Franz Liszt; and Valentino (1977), a biopic of the silent-screen legend, starring Rudolf Nureyev. Derek Jarman, whod designed the bizarre sets for The Devils, began making his own features in the 70s: a homoerotic drama of St. Sebastian, Sebastiane (1976), with the dialogue in subtitled Latin; the classic vision of punk England, Jubilee (1978); and a stylish Shakespeare adaptation, The Tempest (1979). Actor Richard Attenborough began directing with the surreal antiwar musical Oh! What A Lovely War (1969), and had box-office hits with his war epics Young Winston (1972) and A Bridge Too Far (1977). Cinematographer Nicolas Roeg became a director by sharing the helming of Performance (1970) with its writer, Donald Cammell; this psychodrama of rockers and gangsters, starring Mick Jagger and James Fox, made Roegs career, and he had critical hits with his ensuing films: the Australian outback drama Walkabout (1971), the scary and erotic Dont Look Now (1973), and the unusual science-fictioner The Man Who Fell To Earth (1976), written by Paul Mayersburg and starring David Bowie. The writers and stars of the television comedy series Monty Pythons Flying Circus — Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Ter ry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin — began making films with And Now For Something Completely Different (1972), which re-created their best TV routines. Their original follow-ups are some of the funniest films ever made: the Arthurian send-up Monty Python And The Holy Grail (1974); a satire set in the time of Christ, The Life Of Brian (1979); and a potpourri of comic mayhem, Monty Pythons The Meaning Of Life (1983). Independent filmmaker Terence Davies made the powerful, semi-autobiographical short Children in 1976; he followed with Madonna And Child (1980) and Death And Transfiguration (1983), two more accounts of his protagonists struggle with homosexuality, and all three are now shown collectively as The Terence Davies Trilogy. An elliptical storyteller and a poet of nostalgia and loss, Davies made the features Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988) and The Long Day Closes (1993), two further journeys into autobiography, and The Neon Bible (1996) with Gena R owlands, an adaptation of the John Kennedy Toole novel. Scotlands Bill Forsyth wrote and directed That Sinking Feeling (1979), a clever caper satire in which kids steal sinks from a warehouse. Gregorys Girl (1981), his comedy of teen love, was a hit in the States and led to Local Hero (1983), a classic satire of Americans hunting for oil in Scotland. After Comfort And Joy (1984), his comedy of warring ice-cream makers, Forsyth made American films — Housekeeping (1987) with Christine Lahti, Breaking In (1989), written by John Sayles, and Being Human (1994) with Robin Williams — but they all lacked the unique quality of his earlier work. David Lean may have flopped with his overblown romantic drama Ryans Daughter (1970), but his last film, the E.M. Forester adaptation A Passage To India (1984), lived up to his reputation. Peter Brook made the accomplished King Lear (1971) with Paul Scofield; a Gurdjieff biopic, Meetings With Remarkable Men (1979); and an epic rendition o f Hindu cosmology, The Mahabharata (1990). Stanley Kubrick also kept making major films: his version of Anthony Burgess dystopia, A Clockwork Orange (1971); a lavish Thackeray adaptation, Barry Lyndon (1975); the Stephen King horror tale The Shining (1980); and a brutal look at the Vietnam War, Full Metal Jacket (1987). Other filmmakers, however, went into decline during these years. Tony Richardsons best work was behind him, despite such films as the Edward Albee adaptation A Delicate Balance (1973) and a second Fielding comedy, Joseph Andrews (1977) with Ann-Margret and Peter Firth. Jack Clayton made the American flops The Great Gatsby (1974) and Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983). Bryan Forbes stalled with The Raging Moon (1971) and didnt reassert himself with The Stepford Wives (1975) or International Velvet (1978). Lester had hits with The Three Musketeers (1974) and The Four Musketeers (1975), and made the beloved tale of Robin Hoods last days, Robin And Marian (1976) with Sean Connery and Audrey Hepburn; his later work has been mostly unimportant American films such as Superman II (1980). Since his landmark bisexual drama Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971), written by Penelope Gilliat, John Schlesinger has disappeared into such American genre films as The Believers (1987) and Pacific Heights (1990). Attenborough had an international smash with his epic biopic Gandhi (1982), but A Chorus Line (1985) and Chaplin (1992) were less impressive. Nicolas Roegs recent films have also been erratic, but his look at American fame, Insignificance (1985), the surreal Track 29 (1988), written by Dennis Potter, and his Roald Dahl adaptation The Witches (1990) offer some of his best work. Potter, a celebrated television writer, also scripted the unsettling Brimstone And Treacle (1982); Dreamchild (1985), a look at Lewis Carrolls Alice; and Blackeyes (1990), which he also directed. Derek Jarman continued to do outstanding and original work: his non-narrative features The An gelic Conversation (1985), The Last of England (1987), and The Garden (1990); the stylish biopics Caravaggio (1986) and Wittgenstein (1993); a powerful adaptation of Christopher Marlowe, Edward II (1991); and the minimalist Blue (1993), finished a few months before his death from AIDS. Russells notable latter-day work includes the American films Altered States (1980) and Crimes Of Passion (1984); his reinvention of Oscar Wilde, Salomes Last Dance (1988); the horror tale The Lair Of The White Worm (1988); another Lawrence adaptation, The Rainbow (1989); and unique television films on composers Ralph Vaughn Williams, Anton Bruckner, and Sir Arnold Bax. Director Stephen Frears established himself with a touching look at race relations and gay love, My Beautiful Laundrette (1985), and a biopic of playwright Joe Orton, Prick Up Your Ears (1987). Mike Figgis showed promise writing and directing the moody dramas Stormy Monday (1988) and Liebestraum (1991). Peter Greenaway is admired for hi s stylish and sexy art films The Draughtsmans Contract (1983), The Cook, The Thief, His Wife And Her Lover (1989), and Prosperos Books (1991). Irish-born director Neil Jordan has won acclaim for his dramas mixing romance and violence: the crime film Mona Lisa (1986), the terrorism tale The Crying Game (1992), and a biopic of the Irish politician Michael Collins (1996). Englands film industry has survived crisis after crisis thanks to this continuous, seemingly inexhaustible pool of filmmaking talent, generation after generation — the sun will never set on the British cinema.

Management Essays by

Management Essays by What Is a Management Essay? The notion of management essay can be easily derived from the separate notions of management (i.e. the art of administrating all business activities that allows an organization/individual to achieve set goals within a specified time frame and with limited resources) and essay (a short piece of writing that is elucidates a point or question and may or may not include authors personal viewpoint). So, summing up a management essay can be understood as a piece of writing dedicated to one of the key management elements: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling an organization. Management essays may be of two types: 1. Objective (particularly, when a scholarly investigation is required). 2. Subjective (providing students solution or explaining their understanding of a key issue required). Looking for an essay on management? Here is a good management essay example: Difference  between  Leadership and Management Management Paper Structure A management essay takes a structure that is generally prescribed to 5 paragraph essays: it must begin with an introductory sentence where a problem is introduced to the reader; then two or three body paragraphs should follow elaborating on the original question. The essay should be closed with a conclusion that echoes the introduction and sums up the body paragraphs. More information on essay structure: How to Write a Well-Structured Essay has a long history of completing essays on management for our customers. From day one has started receiving management related orders from its customers. This has led us to hire more management writers from various backgrounds and levels of expertise. Order your management essay from our professional writers.

1. Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1. Individualism - Essay Example Additionally, the process of decision-making must be such that it follows a universal rationality approach. Systemic rationality refers to the occurrences of the majority as defined by traditions, fiscal prices, communal norms, and customs, all of which cause free men to develop things that are superior to their understanding (Hayek 7-8). The implication is that true individualism values ordinary efforts by community or group, and family. Conversely, Hayek (22) the understanding of individuals is done best through separating them from the shared processes since the society and the individuals exist autonomous of each other. According to Hayek, the assumption is that individuals are strictly rational (10) and in order to participate in social processes, individuals are expected to readily and willingly adjust to alterations and remain submissive to standards that are beyond knowledgeable design (22). Additionally, false individualism disregards collaboration and the joint efforts of small groups to acknowledge coercive rules forced by states as responsible for establishing social ties. In this case, the state liberates individuals from forceful powers imposed on them by small groups. Rene Descartes and John Stuart Mill among others expressed this view. Hayek, however, warns that the individual has to be free in order for the society to be greater than the individual, but provided man is controlled and directed, the individual greater than the society (Hayek

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Assignment Example In one analysis, 80 matched pairs of male and female expatriates were obtained to find out the percentage of the type of work they did and the level of education they had achieved. In 1980s, women expatriates were only about 3%, this grew gradually to 13.9% in 1990s. In some countries, due to religious affairs, women are not allowed to work. However, in some countries women were more interested in performing managerial tasks than men. The variations were also a result of geographic location, political stability/instability and culture and beliefs of certain countries. However, the researches that were done could not be carried out on a worldwide basis due to barriers of religious, traditional and cultural grounds. It was also found that women were less satisfied with expatriation and repatriation as compared with men, who were more satisfied with both. Value to reader: In a nutshell, as opposed to former presumptions, women are able to succeed in international assignments. More multinational organizations should be in the practice of employing passionate and ambitious women for managerial tasks. Former Chief Executive Officer and current Chairman of the Board of Procter and Gamble believes that international assignments were the main base which helped him become a global achiever. He joined P&G in 1963 as a staff assistant. As he became more experienced, he was awarded promotions, and in 1990 he assumed leadership of P&G’s international business. Design/Methodology/Approach: Dealing with uncertainty, knowing customers, balancing tensions and appreciating diversity are the main determining factors of success in terms of widespread business. These explain the situations where a manager has to go abroad and tackle with barriers such as language, cultural and ethnic, to know the likes and dislikes of the people and to be able to understand diversity and variations in almost everything. Mr. Pepper reflects about

Onychomycosis Treatment Evaluation

Onychomycosis Treatment Evaluation A synopsis on Onychomycosis in patent with high degree of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Essa Ajmi Alodeani, Mohammad Asrar Izhari, Mohammad Arshad Abstract: Onychomycosis is an intercontinental disease burden and poses growing concern for the health-care establishment. It is a comparatively quotidian dermatologic manifestation. It is an infection of the nail plate or nail bed caused by fungus which leads to the imperceptible destruction of the nail plate, accounting for about half of all disordered nails and almost 30% of cutaneous mycoses. Variation in the incidence of the ailment reflects region and age. Usually it is not a self-limiting dermatologic representation and may trigger more infectious lesions at another site of the body owing to progressive nature of mycosis. Cosmetically unsightly affected nails may begin to be painful and lead to functional impairment. In case of patients with high degree of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) which is now days evaluated as an indicator of diabetes control, onychomycosis treatment becomes more imperative owing to the association between diabetes and the diabetic foot ulcer which one of the most s erious sequelae of diabetes in the lower extremities. Especially lower limb sequelae are great contributors to hospitalization of diabetic patients accounting for the majority of in-hospital stay and huge consumption of resource leading to the great deal of economic setback of the health care system of the country. Approximately 15% of diabetic patients develop a lower extremity ulcer during the course of their ailment. Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) affects 1 out of 5 diabetic patients at least once in his/her lifetime. The necessity of the selected treatment in these patients must be exercised to minimize or anticipate any adverse drug interactions as they concurrently use other medications. With the avalanche of scientific evidences and keeping all the aspects of the onycomycosis, it would be worth to undertake the subject under investigation. Keywords: Onychomycosis, diabetic patients, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Introduction: Onychomycosis is a global and comparatively quotidian dermatologic manifestation raising disease burden and poses growing concern for the economy of health-care establishment. It accounts for about half of all disordered nails and almost 30% of cutaneous mycoses. In case of patients with higher degree of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)-a diabetic monitoring marker, the treatment becomes more imperative owing to the association between diabetes and the diabetic foot ulcer which one of the most serious consequences of diabetes in the lower extremities. Which is a great contributor to hospitalization of diabetic patients accounting for the majority of in-hospital stay and huge consumption of resource leading to the great deal of economic setback of the health care system of the country. Onychomycosis is a very common nails infection globally and responsible for 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections and 50% of all nail disorders [1-3]. It is associated with morbidity and long lasting treatment with anti-fungal agents and leads to substantial patient distress, disability, pain, negative self image and can predispose to the soft tissue infection, particularly cellulitis [4-7]. It is more common in diabetic than nondiabetic patients and the patients with diabetic infection have a greater risk of serious complications from the disease such as limb amputations [9-23]. Recent epidemiologic study reveals that diabetic patients are 2.8 times more likely to have onychomycosis than nondiabetic patients. Diabetic patients are very much susceptible to fungal nail infections as they often experience impaired sensation; lack of pain sensation can make them less aware of trauma to their feet, such as nail changes that develop during onychomycosis [23]. Thickened mycotic nails can cause pressure necrosis of the nail bed in diabetic patients, and sharp infected nails can pierce the skin. In diabetic patients the minor ulcerations are serious as they are often unrecognized and can lead to serious diabetic foot infections [23]. The morbidity associated with the onychomycosis infections itself and in combination with the diabetic infection and also the hepetotoxicity of the available drugs is a great problem both at nationally and internationally. With the avalanche of scientific evidences and keeping all the aspects of the onycomycosis, it would be worth to undertake the subject under investigation. Review of literature: Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was firstly identified as an â€Å"unusual† haemoglobin in diabetic patients with over 40 years ago [24]. Then studies were conducted for correlating it to glucose measurements resulting in the idea that HbA1c could be employed to measure the glycaemic control. After that it enters into clinical use in the 1980s and subsequently has become a cornerstone of clinical practice [25]. It reflects average plasma glucose over the previous eight to 12 weeks [26] and can be done at any time of the day and does not require any special preparation such as fasting. These qualities made it the preferred test for assessing glycaemic control in people with diabetes. Recently it has been used as a diagnostic test for diabetes and as a screening test for persons at high risk of diabetes [27, 28]. There are many approaches to treat onychomycosis such as mechanical debridement, surgery, sys-temic/oral interventions and topical treatment [9] and also the agents for tr eatment of onychomycosis include both systemic and topical medications showing the mycological cure rates of 76% with the use of terbinfine, 63% with the use of itraconazole pulse dosing, 61% with the use of griseofulvin, and 48% with the use of fluconazole [9]. Itraconazole which is a triazole nucleous containing anti fungal agent inhibiting fungal lanosterol 14-demethylase, an essential enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Brod spectrum of antifungal activity is possessed by this antifungal agent in comparison to all the broadest spectrum of activity includes activity against dermatophytes, Candida species as well as some moulds [29]. It has high lipophilicity and high affinity for keratinous tissues, in which the concentration is many times greater than that obtained in plasma. Itraconazole exerts a lasting inhibitory effect due to the high and long lasting stages in the epidermis [30]. Terbinafine is well-tolerated by most patients and one study reveals that terbinafine or pulse-dose itraconazole reported greater ease and convenience, and higher overall satisfaction [31]. Safety concerns associated with oral treatments include hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular disease, hypogeusia, gastrointestinal disorders, skin rashes, menstrual disorder, visual and taste disturbance, headache and riversible evaluation of liver enzymes [31]. Erick M et al.studied the disease riskfactors and treatment responses in an urban population due to Microsporum spp. (onychomycosis) [32]. Leelavathi M. et al. reported the common microorganisms causing onychomycosis in tropical Climate [33]. Pericher et al. evaluated of onychomycosis among diabetic patients of Yazd diabetic center [34]. R.R. Hafidh1 et al. presented a case report on Cladosporium spp. as a causative agent of white superficial onychomycosis [35]. Lisa M. et al. reviewed the safety and efficacy of tinea pedis and onychomycosis treatment in people with diabetes [36]. There are many othere studies that acknowledge the complexity of treating tinea pedis and onychomycosis in people with diabetes and recommended as safe and effective treatment [37-39]. Marchetti et al. performed the first U.S.based pharmacoeconomic evaluation comparing oral griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and terbinafine using the previously constructed decision-analytic model by the onychomycosis study group [40]. Mahin moghaddami and Mohammad reza shidfar studied the onychomycosis infections in Tehran [41]. Mohammad Ali Boroumand et. studied the level and clinical outcomes of HbAc1in diabetic patients following coronary artery stenting [42]. Peterson et al reported that interpretation of HbAc1 can be achieved as an average of the blood glucose which is present over past 3-4 months [43]. Muhammad S. et al. isolated the causative pathogens and correlated the various clinical patterns of onychomycosis with causative pathogens in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia [44]. Ahmed Medhat M H. et al. reported the epidemiology of cutaneous mycosi s in the Medina region of Saudi Arabia correlated with studying the effect of light-induced gold nanoparticles on the in vitro growth of dermatophytes [45]. Abdulrahman Y. Al-Zoman et al. studied the pattern of skin disease in Riyadh military hospital, Saudi Arabia [46]. A steady increase in the diabetes prevalence found in Saudi Arabia due to the demographic changes such as urbanization and change in the life style [47-48]. Bacchus RA et al. estimated prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia and the author concluded that prevalence of diabetes started to increase at 35 years of age reaching its peak at the 45-54 age groups [49]. Fatani HH. et al. noticed the steady increase of prevalence according to age [50]. Abu-Zeid and Al-Kassab performed a study of the prevalence of diabetes in Southern Arabia [39]. El-Hazmi MA et al. did a survey on prevalence of diabetes mellitus [52] one more survey was done by El-Hazmi and Warsy the prevalence of overweight in the Saudi population. A. Alkhie r A. reported the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot problems in Saudi Arabia [53]. Epidemiology of dermatophytes in eastern province of Saudi Arabia was studied by hashem al sheikh [54]. Some other studies are also carried out by David Pariser, Richard K. Scher, et al., Phoebe Rich, et al., Boni Elewski, et al., David Pariser, et al., and presented in Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery [55-60]. Conclusion: The avalanche of evidences from the available scientific research comprehensively suggests that Onycomycosis is an intercontinental disease burden and poses raising concern for the health-care establishment. It is a comparatively quotidian dermatologic manifestation. It becomes extremely serious especially when it happens in case of patients with varying degree of HbA1c. The review would contribute to the understanding of clinical types and the severity of the toe nail lesions in the Saudi patients with varying level of HbA1c together with prevalence and the chief etiological agents involve in onycomycosis. Scientific research data obtained from the present review would contribute to the early prediction of susceptibility of the patients with high HbA1c to onycomycosis which would lead to a great deal of reduction in economic burden on health care establishment of Saudi Arabia, moreover it would improve the awareness of clinician and social segment as regards severity, heptotoxicity of the current treatment strategy and susceptibility to onycomycosis especially in case of the patients with high level of HbA1c.

Society Must Redefine the Meaning of Family Essay -- Argumentative Per

Society Must Redefine the Meaning of Family Society seems to have many different opinions when it comes to relationships and families and what is ideal. The ideal family may not exist anymore. We now have in our society families that are complete that do not necessarily contain the traditional material. The traditional family, as society would see it; usually consist of a married, mother and father and usually children. Moms are supposed to stay at home while dads work the forty-hour a week job. However, in our 2003 world, families exist in a lot of non-traditional ways. A lot of families now consist of single parent families, or same sex parents and their children, or even couples that are unmarried but live together. And even now, if a family contains what society sees as traditional as far as having a mom, dad, and kids, other aspects are not traditional anymore. Women now have more opportunity in the workplace than they have ever had, therefore, many moms are career moms and dads are sometimes staying at home. Years ago, t hese types of families were given labels for being dysfunctional or abnormal, however, this label is not holding up as well as it did years ago. There are many non-traditional families that are raising children in a loving, nurturing home with a substantial amount of quality love. Quality is the key in any relationship between anyone. Society is finding out that it is not the traditional image that makes a loving family, but the quality of a relationship that people give to each other is what really makes a family. In the essay "The Myth of the "Normal" Family", written by Lousie B. Silverstein and Carl F. Auerbach, they make references to the cultural idea of what a "normal" family should be and what i... ...sex relationships, or adults to children. People of any race, sex, or age that can offer unconditional love, strength, morals, values, and respect to others are more qualified to be called "normal" or having a "family" than any two people that are married, with or without children, that are not offering to others what is needed to become a real, normal, family. Families can be single moms, single dads, same sex parents, or even other relatives. What is important and what makes people have the most rewarding families are the qualities of their relationships. This type of family is the family that will stay together and function happily in our society. Works Cited * Silverstein, Lousie B., and Carl F. Auerbach. "The Myth of the "Normal" Family." * The Aims of Argument. 4th ed Ed.Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. New York:McGraw Hill,2003, 352-355.

Common law Essay

A Tort is the French word for a â€Å"wrong.† A tort is a civil wrong. A civil wrong involves a breach of a duty owed to someone else, as opposed to criminal wrongdoing which involves a breach of a duty owed to society. Torts are civil wrongs other than breaches of contract and certain equitable wrongs. The law of torts law is a remainder category of civil wrongs once other wrongs are excluded. It covers a grab bag of legal cases comprising such disparate topics as auto accidents, false imprisonment, slander and libel, product liability (such as defectively designed consumer products), and environmental pollution (toxic torts). A person who suffers legal damage may be able to use tort law to receive damages (usually monetary compensation) from someone who is responsible or liable for those injuries. Generally speaking, tort law defines what is a legal injury and what is not. A person may be held liable (responsible to pay) for another’s injury caused by them. Torts can be classified in a number of different ways, one is to distinguish according to degree of fault, so that there are intentional torts, negligent torts, and strict liability torts. In much of the Western world, the measure of tort liability is negligence. If the injured party cannot prove that the person believed to have caused the injury acted with negligence (lack of reasonable care), at the very least, tort law will not compensate (pay) the victim. However, tort law also recognizes intentional (purposeful) torts and strict liability torts, which apply when the person accused of committing the tort satisfied certain standards of intent (meaning) and/or performed certain types of conduct. In tort law, injury is defined broadly. Injury does not just mean a physical injury, such as where Brenda was struck by a ball. Injuries in tort law reflect any invasion of any number of individual interests. This includes interests recognized in other areas of law, such as property rights. Actions for nuisance (annoying or hurting) and trespass (unlawful entering) of land can arise from interfering with rights in real property. Conversion law and trespass to chattels (personal property) can protect interference with movable property. Interests in prospective (possible future) economic advantages from signed agreements can also be injured and become the subject of tort actions. A number of situations caused by parties in a contractual (written agreement) relationship may still be tort rather than contract claims, such as breach of duties. Tort law may also be used to compensate (pay) for injuries to a number of other individual interests that are not recognized in property or contract law. This includes an interest in freedom from emotional distress, privacy interests, and reputation. These are protected by a number of torts such as Intentional infliction of emotional distress, privacy torts, and defamation/slander (destruction of a reputation). Defamation and privacy torts may, for example, allow a celebrity to sue a newspaper for publishing an untrue and harmful statement about him. Other protected interests include freedom of movement, protected by the intentional tort of false imprisonment which is when you are arrested without cause. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict. The law of torts can be categorised as part of the law of obligations (duties), but unlike voluntarily assumed obligations (such as those of contract, or trust), the duties imposed by the law of torts apply to all those subject to the relevant jurisdiction. To behave in tortious manner is to harm another’s rights, body, property or other rights. One who commits a tortious act is called a tortfeasor. Law of torts consists of some general defense, which can be pleaded in the court of law to get justice. Types of general defenses 1) INEVITABLE ACCIDENTS[1]: The plea of inevitable accident is usually spoken of as a defense but is, strictly speaking, not a defense but only a denial of liability. For instance, in an action for bodily harm, the plaintiff has ordinarily to prove intent or negligence of the defendant; and if he fails to do so, his injury may be said to be an inevitable accident. The burden to prove plea of inevitable accident lies on the defendant and to establish the defense, the respondent will have to establish that accident could not have been avoided by exercise of ordinary care and caution. Ex: Ryland’s v Fletcher 2) MISTAKE[2]: Mistake of law is generally no defense to civil or criminal liability. Mistake of fact is a general defense under the IPC, but not to an action in tort. For instance, an officer who executes a warrant of arrest against the wrong man by mistake is not guilty of a crime, but he will be liable in an action for false imprisonment. Mistake would be an excuse only in those exceptional cases where an unlawful intent or motive is an essential ingredient in liability. Ex: Hollins v Fowler 3) EXERCISE OF COMMON RIGHTS[3]: This, like inevitable accident, is really nota defense but a denial of a breach of duty or violation of rights, as where the defendant builds on his land and shuts f the light of a new house of his neighbour or opens a new shop and ruins an older rival. The defense is necessary on the assumption that their is a general rule of liability for intentional harm. 4) VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA[4]: It is also known as the defense of consent. Volenti non fit injuria[5] It is a Latin word which means â€Å"to a willing person, no injury is done† or â€Å"no injury is done to a person who consents†) is a common law doctrine which means that if someone willingly places themselves in a position where harm might result, knowing that some degree of harm might result, they cannot then sue if harm actually results. Volenti only applies to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions; thus a boxer consents to being hit, and to the injuries that might be expected from being hit, but does not consent to (for example) his opponent striking him with an iron bar, or punching him outside the usual terms of boxing. Volenti is also known as a â€Å"voluntary assumption of risk.† In Law of Torts, Volenti non-fit injuria is an exception to liability in torts. It means: Where the sufferer is willing and has the knowledge , no injury is done. the precept that denotes that a person who knows and comprehends the peril and voluntarily exposes himself or herself to it, although not negligent in doing so, is regarded as engaging in an assumption of the risk and is precluded from a recovery for an injury ensuing there from. Volenti non fit iniuria (or injuria) (Latin: â€Å"to a willing person, injury is not done†) is a common law doctrine which states that if someone willingly places with proper knowledge themselves in a position where harm might result, they are not able to bring a claim against any damages from the other party in tort. Volenti only applies to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions; thus a boxer consents to being hit, and to the injuries that might be expected from being hit, but does not consent to (for example) his opponent striking him with an iron bar, or punching him outside the usual terms of boxing. Or a person watching a cricket match getting hurt by the ball can be consented. No act is actionable as a tort at the suit of a person who has expressly or impliedly assented to it. In order to plead this defence, it is necessary that the plaintiff should have consented to physical risk or damage as well as to legal risk (i.e. he will get no remedy in law). ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS ââ€" ª Consent must be given freely ââ€" ª Consent must not have been given to an illegal act ââ€" ª Knowledge of risk is not the same thing as consent to run the risk OR 1. A voluntary 2. Agreement 3. Made in full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk. 1.Voluntary The agreement must be voluntary and freely entered for the defence of Volenti non fit injuria to succeed. If the Claimant is not in a position to exercise free choice, the defence will not succeed. This element is most commonly seen in relation to employment relationships, rescuers and suicide. 2.Agreement The second requirement for the defence of Volenti non fit injuria is agreement. The agreement may be express or implied. An example of an express agreement would be where there exists a contractual term or notice. 3.Knowledge The Claimant must have knowledge of the full nature and extent of the risk that they ran. The test for this is subjective and not objective and in the context of an intoxicated Claimant, the question is whether the Claimant was so intoxicated that he was incapable of appreciating the nature of the risk. Volenti is sometimes described as the plaintiff â€Å"consenting to run a risk.† In this context, volenti can be distinguished from legal consent in that the latter can prevent some torts arising in the first place (for example, consent to a medical procedure prevents the procedure from being a trespass to the person, or consenting to a person visiting your land prevents them from being a trespasser). | | | | Volenti in English[6] In English tort law, volenti is a full defence, i.e. it fully exonerates the defendant who succeeds in proving it. The defence has two main elements: The claimant was fully aware of all the risks involved, including both the nature and the extent of the risk; and The claimant expressly (by his statement) or impliedly (by his actions) consented to waive all claims for damages. His knowledge of the risk is not sufficient: sciens non est. volens (â€Å"knowing is not volunteering†). His consent must be free and voluntary, i.e. not brought about by duress. If the relationship between the claimant and defendant is such that there is doubt as to whether the consent was truly voluntary, such as the relationship between workers and employers, the courts are unlikely to find volenti. It is not easy for a defendant to show both elements and therefore contributory negligence usually constitutes a better defence in many cases. Note however that contributory negligence is a partial defence , i.e. it usually leads to a reduction of payable damages rather than a full exclusion of liability. Also, the person consenting to an act may not always be negligent: a bungee jumper may take the greatest possible care not to be injured, and if he is, the defence available to the organiser of the event will be volenti, not contributory negligence. In the first case (decided before the Occupier’s Liability Act was passed), a girl who had trespassed on the railway was hit by a train. The House of Lords ruled that the fencing around the railway was adequate, and the girl had voluntarily accepted the risk by breaking through it. In the second case, a student who had broken into a closed swimming-pool and injured himself by diving into the shallow end was similarly held responsible for his own injuries. The third case involved a man who dived into a shallow lake, despite the presence of â€Å"No Swimming† signs; the signs were held to be an adequate warning. The defence of volenti is now excluded by statute where a passenger was injured as a result of agreeing to take a lift from a drunk car driver. However, in a well-known case of Morris v Murray [7][volenti was held to apply to a drunk passenger, who accepted a lift from a drunk pilot. The pilot died in the resulting crash and the passenger who was injured, sued his estate. Although he drove the pilot to the airfield (which was closed at the time) and helped him start the engine and tune the radio, he argued that he did not freely and voluntarily consent to the risk involved in flying. The Court of Appeal held that there was consent: the passenger was not so drunk as to fail to realise the risks of taking a lift from a drunk pilot, and his actions leading up to the flight demonstrated that he voluntarily accepted those risks. Rescuers For reasons of policy, the courts are reluctant to criticize the behavior of rescuers. A rescuer would not be considered volens if: He was acting to rescue persons or property endangered by the defendant’s negligence; He was acting under a compelling legal, social or moral duty; and His conduct in all circumstances was reasonable and a natural consequence of the defendant’s negligence. An example of such a case is Haynes v. Harwood[8], in which a policeman was able to recover damages after being injured restraining a bolting horse: he had a legal and moral duty to protect life and property and as such was not held to have been acting as a volunteer or giving willing consent to the action – it was his contractual obligation as an employee and police officer and moral necessity as a human being to do so, and not a wish to volunteer, which caused him to act. By contrast, in Cutler v. United Dairies [9]a man who was injured trying to restrain a horse was held to be v olens because in that case no human life was in immediate danger and he was not under any compelling duty to act. Unsuccessful attempts to rely on volenti: Examples of cases where a reliance on volenti was unsuccessful include: Nettleship v. Weston[10] Baker v T E Hopkins & Son Ltd[11]). In the first case, the plaintiff was an instructor who was injured while teaching the defendant to drive. The defence of volenti failed i.e. because the plaintiff specifically inquired if the defendant’s insurance covered him before agreeing to teach. In the second case, a doctor went in to try to rescue workmen who were caught in a well after having succumbed to noxious fumes. He did so despite being warned of the danger and told to wait until the fire brigade arrived. The doctor and the workmen all died. The court held that it would be â€Å"unseemly† to hold the doctor to have consented to the risk simply because he acted promptly and bravely in an attempt to save lives. Hall v. Brooklands Auto-Racing Club [12] The plaintiff paid to enter a motor-car race track to watch races on a track owned and managed by the defendants. On the evening the plaintiff was spectating, two of the race-cars collided near the barrier between the spectators and the track. The cars collided with the barrier and caused severe injury to the plaintiff and others. The defendants were held liable to pay damages by a jury who found that they had not taken reasonable precautions to protect spectators. On appeal by the defendant, it was held that there was no evidence to find the defendants had not taken reasonable precautions and that there was no obligation to ensure safety in all circumstances, just that reasonable precautions were taken. The defendant’s case was upheld. Wooldridge v Sumner [13] Facts The plaintiff, Mr. Wooldridge, who was a photographer at a horse race, was injured by the horse belonging to the defendant, Sumner, which was ridden in a competition by Sumner’s, who was a skilled and experienced horseman. 1 Judgment The Court of Appeal held that Sumner owed no duty of care to Wooldridge in this case. As a spectator, Wooldridge accepted the risks involved in a horserace he came to watch. As a reasonable participant in the race, which is a fast and competitive sport, the horseman was expected to concentrate on the race and not on the spectator. In the course of a fast moving competition such as this one, he could be expected to make errors of judgment. As long as the damage was not caused recklessly or deliberately, the participant in a race could not be held liable for the spectators’ injuries because he was not negligent, i.e. not in breach of his duty. Dann v. Hamilton [14] The Claimant was injured when she was a willing passenger in the car driven by the Mr. Hamilton. He had been drinking and the car was involved in a serious crash which killed him. In a claim for damages the Defendant raised the defence of volenti non fit injuria in that in accepting the lift knowing of his drunken condition she had voluntarily accepted the risk. Held: The defence was unsuccessful. The claimant was entitled to damages. Asquith J: â€Å"There may be cases in which the drunkenness of the driver at the material time is so extreme and so glaring that to accept a lift from him is like engaging in an intrinsically and obviously dangerous occupation, intermeddling with an unexploded bomb or walking on the edge of an unfenced cliff. It is not necessary to decide whether in such a case the maxim volenti non fit injuria would apply, for in the present case I find as a fact that the driver’s degree of intoxication fell short of this degree†. HAYNES v HARWOOD [15] facts The plaintiff, a police constable, was on duty inside a police station in a street in which, at the material time, were a large number of people, including children. Seeing the defendants’ runaway horses with a van attached coming down the street he rushed out and eventually stopped them, sustaining injuries in consequence, in respect of which he claimed damages. HELD 1) That on the evidence the defendants’ servant was guilty of negligence in leaving the horses unattended in a busy street. 2) that as the defendants must or ought to have contemplated that some one might attempt to stop the horses in an endeavour to prevent injury to life and limb, and as the police were under a general duty to intervene to protect life and property, the act of, and injuries to, the plaintiff were the natural and probable consequences of the defendants’ negligence. 3) That the maxim â€Å"volenti non fit injuria† did not apply to prevent the plaintiff recovering. . 1 Imperial Chemical Industries v Shatwell [16] Volenti non fit injuria, [Latin: no wrong is done to one who consents] The defense that the plaintiff consented to the injury or (more usually) to the risk of being injured. Facts The plaintiff and his brother were were certificated and experienced shotfirers employed by ICI Ltd in a quarry owned by the defendant company. Part of the brothers’ works included wiring up detonators and checking the electrical circuits. There was an old practice where a galvanometer was applied directly to each detonator for testing purposes. This practice was known to be dangerous and was outlawed by statutory regulation. The plaintiff claimed his brother was 50 per cent to blame for the explosion and the employer was vicariously liable. The plaintiff was awarded half of the total amount of damages. The defendant appealed. The Decision The plaintiff and his brother were both experts. They freely and voluntarily assumed the risk involved in using the galvanometer. There was no pressure from any other source. To the contrary, they were specifically warned about complying with the new safety regulations. The defence of volenti non-fit injuria will apply when there is true and free consent to the risk. Note (1) the employers not being themselves in breach of duty, any liability of theirs would be vicarious liability for the fault of J, and to such liability (whether for negligence or for breach of statutory duty) the principle volenti non fit injuria afforded a defence, where, as here, the facts showed that G and J knew and accepted the risk (albeit a remote risk) of testing in a way that contravened their employers’ instructions and the statutory regulations. (2) Each of them, G and J, (the brothers) emerged from their joint enterprise as author of his own injury, and neither should be regarded as having contributed a separate wrongful act injuring the other. The defence of volenti non fit injuria should be available where the employer is not himself in breach of statutory duty and is not vicariously in breach of any statutory duty through neglect of some person of superior rank to the plaintiff and whose commands the plaintiff is bound to obey, or who has some special and different duty of care. Nettleship v Weston [17] is an English Court of Appeal judgment dealing with the breach of duty in negligence claims. In this case the court had considered the question of the standard of care that should be applied to a learner driver, and whether it should be the same as is expected of an experienced driver. | | Facts Mr. Nettleship, the plaintiff, agreed to teach Mrs. Weston, the defendant, to drive in her husband’s car, after he had inquired the insurance policy. During one of the lessons, the defendant lost control of the car and caused an accident in which the plaintiff was injured. The defendant argued that the plaintiff was well aware of her lack of skill and that the court should make allowance for her since she could not be expected to drive like an experienced motorist. 3 Judgment The Court of Appeal, consisting of Lord Denning MR, Salmon LJ and Megaw LJ held that applying a lower standard to the learner driver because the instructor was aware of his inexperience would result in complicated shifting standards. It would imply, for example, that an inexperienced doctor owed his patient a lower standard of care if the patient was aware of his lack of experience. The standard of care for a learner driver would be the usual standard applied to drivers: that of an experienced and skilled driver. The policy consideration that played a role in this decision was that the learner driver was covered by insurance. Over the dissent of Megaw LJ, the Court of Appeal held that the instructor was also responsible for the accident as he was partially in control of the car and should only be able to recover half of his damages due to negligence. Able to recover half of his damages due to contributory negligence. Baker v T E Hopkins & Son Ltd[18] 1 Facts Two employees of the defendant company were overcome by carbon monoxide fumes in a well they were attempting to decontaminate. The plaintiff, a doctor, went in to try to rescue them even though he was warned of the fumes and told that the fire brigade was on the way. All the three men died. 2 Judgment The defendant company argued that the (the estate of) the plaintiff doctor should either not be compensated because the doctor knowingly accepted the risk he was taking or his damages would be reduced for contributory negligence. The Court of Appeal considered that such a suggestion was â€Å"ungracious† and that it was unseemly and irrational to say that a rescuer freely takes on the risks inherent in a rescue attempt. The doctor’s contributory negligence could only be recognized if he showed â€Å"a wholly unreasonable disregard for his own safety†. 3 Significance This case is one of the many in which the courts have refused to hold rescuers who have suffered in their rescue attempts to have negligently contributed to their injuries or accepted the risks involved in their rescue attempt. This applies to both amateur and professional rescuers, such as fire fighters (See Ogwo v. Tailor [19]) INDIAN CASES United India Insurance Co. Ltd. vs Guguloth Khana And Ors.[20] Facts:– On 23-5-1991 a lorry bearing No. AP 26-T-364 belonging to M/s. Amruthesh Transport Company started at Warangal with some load of groundnut oil cake to go to Anakapalle in Visakhapatnam. One Ch. Mallikarjun was engaged as driver of the said lorry. There was a comprehensive insurance policy for the lorry with the United India Insurance Company. When the lorry reached near Thorrur village on the way leading to Khammamm P.W.D. Road, several villagers were waiting on the road, due to lack of transport facility because of the assassination of Sri Rajiv Gandhi on the previous day (22-5-1991). Then, about 25 persons, including some children and women boarded the lorry. The lorry, after travelling about five kilometers from Thorrur village and reached near Mattedu village, the driver of the lorry applied sudden brakes whereby the lorry turned turtle, as a result of which twelve persons died on the spot and three more persons also died after they were taken to hospital. Ten persons sustained injuries. The claimants, either the injured or the legal heirs of the persons who died in the accident, have filed the O.Ps against the owner, driver and insurer of the lorry. Before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, the driver of the lorry who was served with notices in the O.Ps remained ex parte. Before the Tribunal, owner of the lorry filed counter, denying the averments in the O.Ps, contending that the driver of the lorry was not responsible for the accident. It was contended that at the time of the accident, another lorry was coming in the opposite direction at high speed in a rash and negligent manner, and to avert accident, the driver of the lorry applied sudden brakes by taking the lorry to the extreme left side of the road. Due to bad condition of the road, the lorry turned turtle resulting in fatal road accident. He also contended that he has given strict instructions to the lorry drivers not to carry passengers on their lorries. Before the Tribunal, the present appellant-Insurance Company also filed counters admitting that the lorry involved in the accident was insured with it as a goods vehicle, in which passengers are not allowed to travel. It was contended that as per the conditions of insurance policy only six persons are authorized to travel in the lorry and that the persons who travelled in the lorry were unauthorized passengers. It was contended that even if for any reason it is considered that the deceased and injured are non-fare paying passengers, the liability of the Insurance Company is limited to Rs. 15,000/- in case of death and lesser amount for injuries. The Insurance Company disputed the quantum of compensation claimed in the O.Ps. by the respective claimants. Issues raised †¢ Whether the accident took place due to rash and/or negligent driving by respondent No. 1? †¢ To what compensation if any, the petitioners are entitled to and if so, against which of the respondents? †¢ To what relief ? Subsequently, the issues were recast as under: âž ¢ Whether the accident took place due to rash and/or negligent driving of the lorry by its driver Ch. Mallikarjun? âž ¢ Whether there were specific instructions issued to the drivers of the Transport Company that they should not carry passengers enroute and if so, on that ground that owner of the crime vehicle is not liable to pay the compensation in the claim petitions? âž ¢ Whether the third respondent Insurance Company is not liable to cover the risk of the deceased and injured involved in the accident under the terms of the Insurance policy, the copy of which is marked as Ex.B-1 along with the terms and conditions of the policy including Indian Motor Tariff marked as Ex. B-2? âž ¢ Whether the petitioners are entitled for compensation, if so, to what amount and from whom? âž ¢ To what relief? . Decision (a) On consideration of the oral and documentary evidence on record, the Tribunal held that the accident has taken place due to rash and negligent driving of the lorry by its driver. The Tribunal negatived the contention of the owner of the lorry that he is not liable to pay compensation. Basing on these two findings and the medical and documentary evidence available on record, different amounts of compensations were granted to the different claimants in the respective O.Ps, who are arrayed as respondents in the appeals. (b) Aggrieved by the same, the present appeals are filed by the Insurance Company. (c) The first contention advanced by the Counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company is that the injured/deceased who travelled in the lorry are unauthorized passengers in a goods vehicle and the insurance policy issued is for the goods vehicle and there is no reason to fasten the liability on the Insurance Company; it is a violation of policy conditions and there is no need to fix the liability against the present appellant-Insurance Company. (d) The second contention advanced by the Counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company is that the owner of the lorry got examined R.W. 1, Manager in the Transport Company, who stated that he was informed by the driver of the lorry that the injured/ deceased unauthorisedly entered the lorry, and the maxim/doctrine â€Å"volenti non fit injuria† applied to this case as they voluntarily entered into the lorry at their own risk and there is no reason to fasten liability on the Insurance Company. (e) In these cases, so far as the first contention of the Counsel for appellant that the claimants/respondents are travelling as a gratuitous passengers in a goods vehicle and not entitled for compensation and the Insurance Company is not liable to pay any such compensation, is concerned, it is contrary to the principle laid down by the Supreme Court in New India Assurance Company v. Shri Satpal Singh and Ors[21]. . In that case, the Supreme Court considering clause (ii) of proviso to Sub-section (1) of Section 95 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Old Act) and Section 147 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (new Act), and noticing the absence of a similar clause in the new Act, held†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦under the new Act an insurance policy covering third party risk is not required to exclude gratuitous passengers in a vehicle, no matter that the vehicle is of any type or class†. In view of the above ruling of the Supreme Court, there is no merit in the first contention of the appellant, that the injured/legal heirs of the deceased in these cases are not entitled to any compensation on the ground that they are gratuitous passengers, is without substance and the same is hereby rejected. . [i](f) Learned Counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company relied on the decision in V. Gangamma v. New India Assurance Co. wherein a learned Single Judge of this Court held that the Insurance Company is not liable to pay compensation to the dependants of the deceased persons who are travelling in the vehicle at the time of accident as trespassers and not as passengers. The facts of that case are entirely different from that of the facts in these appeals. In the case cited, the claimants were treated as passengers on the basis of evidence of R. W. 1 (the driver of the lorry therein), who categorically stated that the claimants-therein have forcibly entered into the lorry asking him to take them to particular place and threatened to beat him if he does not do so. In the present cases, there is no evidence to show that the claimants/deceased entered into the lorry forcibly with any threat to the driver of the lorry. So, the decision in Gangamma’s case (3 supra) is not applicable to the case on hand. The appeals was dismissed. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Rmaswamy Ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) †¢ Winfield and jodowiez, TORT WVH Jogers,7th edn. †¢ 1990] 3 All ER 801 ( Court of Appeal), †¢ [1935] 1 KB †¢ [1933] 2 KB 297 †¢ [1971] 3 All ER 581 (Court of Appeal †¢ [1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal †¢ (1933) 1 KB 205 †¢ [1963] 2 QB 23 †¢ 1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal †¢ [1988] AC 431). †¢ II (2001) ACC 392, 2001 (2) ALT 185 [1999] RD-SC 411 ———————– [1] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.939(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [2] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.940(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [3] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.940(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [4] Rmaswamy ayers LAW OF TORTS 10th edn.p.940(by A Lakshminath &M Ssridhar) [5] Winfield and jodowiez,TORT WVH Jogers,7th edn.P.1057 [6] Winfield and jodowiez,TORT WVH Jogers,7th edn.P.1058 [7]1990] 3 All ER 801 ( Court of Appeal), [8] [1935] 1 KB 146 [9] [1933] 2 KB 297 [10] [1971] 3 All ER 581 (Court of Appeal [11] [1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal [12] (1933) 1 KB 205 [13] [1963] 2 QB 23 [14] [1939] 1 KB 50 [15] [1935] 1 KB 146 [16] [1964] All ER 999 [17] [1971] 2 QB 691 [18] 1959] 3 All ER 225 (Court of Appeal [19] [1988] AC 431). [20] II (2001) ACC 392, 2001 (2) ALT 185 5 [21] [1999] RD-SC 411 ———————– ———————– |LAW OF TORTS |August 29 | | |2013 | |THIS RESEARCH PAPER BRINGS OUT THE APPLICATION OF VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA, AS A | VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA &CASES | |DEFENCE IN TORT LAW. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |